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Small fixes by Greg King

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git-svn-id: svn://svn.cc65.org/cc65/trunk@3575 b7a2c559-68d2-44c3-8de9-860c34a00d81
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cuz 2005-08-10 08:43:03 +00:00
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
<article> <article>
<title>cc65 Users Guide <title>cc65 Users Guide
<author>Ullrich von Bassewitz, <htmlurl url="mailto:uz@cc65.org" name="uz@cc65.org"> <author>Ullrich von Bassewitz, <htmlurl url="mailto:uz@cc65.org" name="uz@cc65.org">
<date>03.09.2000, 02.10.2001 <date>03.09.2000, 02.10.2001, 2005-8-1
<abstract> <abstract>
cc65 is a C compiler for 6502 targets. It supports several 6502 based home cc65 is a C compiler for 6502 targets. It supports several 6502 based home
@ -29,21 +29,22 @@ next release, since there are too many limitations in the current code,
and removing these limitations would mean a rewrite of many more parts of and removing these limitations would mean a rewrite of many more parts of
the compiler. the compiler.
There is a separate document named "library.txt" that covers the library There are separate documents named <url url="library.html"> and <url
available for the compiler. If you know C and are interested in doing url="funcref.html"> that cover the library that is available for the compiler.
actual programming, the library documentation is probably of much more use If you know C, and are interested in doing actual programming, the library
than this document. documentation is probably of much more use than this document.
If you need some hints for getting the best code out of the compiler, you If you need some hints for getting the best code out of the compiler, you
may have a look at "coding.txt" which covers some code generation issues. may have a look at <url url="coding.html"> which covers some code generation
issues.
<sect>Usage<p> <sect>Usage<p>
The compiler translates C files into files containing assembler code that The compiler translates C files into files containing assembly code that
may be translated by the ca65 macroassembler (for more information about may be translated by the ca65 macroassembler (for more information about
the assembler, have a look at ca65.txt). the assembler, have a look at <url url="ca65.html">).
<sect1>Command line option overview<p> <sect1>Command line option overview<p>
@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ Here is a description of all the command line options:
<tag><tt>--check-stack</tt></tag> <tag><tt>--check-stack</tt></tag>
Tells the compiler to generate code that checks for stack overflows. See Tells the compiler to generate code that checks for stack overflows. See
<tt><ref id="pragma-checkstack" name="#pragma checkstack"></tt> for an <tt><ref id="pragma-checkstack" name="#pragma&nbsp;checkstack"></tt> for an
explanation of this feature. explanation of this feature.
@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ Here is a description of all the command line options:
This options allows finer control about speed vs. size decisions in the code This options allows finer control about speed vs. size decisions in the code
generation and optimization phases. It gives the allowed size increase generation and optimization phases. It gives the allowed size increase
factor (in percent). The default is 100 when not using <tt/-Oi/ and 200 when factor (in percent). The default is 100 when not using <tt/-Oi/ and 200 when
using <tt/-Oi/ (<tt/-Oi/ is the same as <tt/--codesize 200/). using <tt/-Oi/ (<tt/-Oi/ is the same as <tt/--codesize&nbsp;200/).
<tag><tt>--cpu CPU</tt></tag> <tag><tt>--cpu CPU</tt></tag>
@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ Here is a description of all the command line options:
name="register variables">. name="register variables">.
The compiler setting can also be changed within the source file by using The compiler setting can also be changed within the source file by using
<tt><ref id="pragma-regvars" name="#pragma regvars"></tt>. <tt><ref id="pragma-regvars" name="#pragma&nbsp;regvars"></tt>.
<tag><tt>--register-space</tt></tag> <tag><tt>--register-space</tt></tag>
@ -227,8 +228,8 @@ Here is a description of all the command line options:
6502 has no provisions for sign extending characters (which is needed on 6502 has no provisions for sign extending characters (which is needed on
almost any load operation), this will make the code larger and slower. A almost any load operation), this will make the code larger and slower. A
better way is to declare characters explicitly as "signed" if needed. You better way is to declare characters explicitly as "signed" if needed. You
can also use <tt><ref id="pragma-signedchars" name="#pragma can also use <tt><ref id="pragma-signedchars"
signedchars"></tt> for better control of this option. name="#pragma&nbsp;signedchars"></tt> for better control of this option.
<label id="option--standard"> <label id="option--standard">
@ -299,8 +300,8 @@ Here is a description of all the command line options:
} }
</verb></tscreen> </verb></tscreen>
the variable a will always have the value 1 when entering the function the variable <tt/a/ will always have the value <tt/1/ when entering the
and using <tt/-Cl/, while in function and using <tt/-Cl/, while in
<tscreen><verb> <tscreen><verb>
void f (void) void f (void)
@ -310,12 +311,13 @@ Here is a description of all the command line options:
} }
</verb></tscreen> </verb></tscreen>
the variable a will have the value 1 only the first time, the function the variable <tt/a/ will have the value <tt/1/ only the first time that the
is entered, and will keep the old value from one call of the function to function is entered, and will keep the old value from one call of the
the next. function to the next.
You may also use <tt><ref id="pragma-staticlocals" name="#pragma You may also use <tt><ref id="pragma-staticlocals"
staticlocals"></tt> to change this setting in your sources. name="#pragma&nbsp;staticlocals"></tt> to change this setting in your
sources.
<tag><tt>-I dir, --include-dir dir</tt></tag> <tag><tt>-I dir, --include-dir dir</tt></tag>
@ -334,7 +336,7 @@ Here is a description of all the command line options:
runtime functions would have been called, even if the generated code is runtime functions would have been called, even if the generated code is
larger. This will not only remove the overhead for a function call, but will larger. This will not only remove the overhead for a function call, but will
make the code visible for the optimizer. <tt/-Oi/ is an alias for make the code visible for the optimizer. <tt/-Oi/ is an alias for
<tt/--codesize 200/. <tt/--codesize&nbsp;200/.
<tt/-Or/ will make the compiler honor the <tt/register/ keyword. Local <tt/-Or/ will make the compiler honor the <tt/register/ keyword. Local
variables may be placed in registers (which are actually zero page variables may be placed in registers (which are actually zero page
@ -352,8 +354,9 @@ Here is a description of all the command line options:
<tt/-Os/ will actually break things. <tt/-Os/ will actually break things.
<p> <p>
<item>The inlined string and memory functions will not handle strings or <item>The inlined string and memory functions will not handle strings or
memory areas larger than 255 bytes. Similar, the inlined <tt/is..()/ memory areas larger than 255 bytes. Similarly, the inlined <tt/is..()/
functions will not work with values outside char range. functions will not work with values outside the char. range (such as
<tt/EOF/).
<p> <p>
</itemize> </itemize>
<p> <p>
@ -436,12 +439,12 @@ and the one defined by the ISO standard:
possible. possible.
<p> <p>
<item> Part of the C library is available only with fastcall calling <item> Part of the C library is available only with fastcall calling
conventions (see below). This means, that you may not mix pointers to conventions (see below). It means that you must not mix pointers to
those functions with pointers to user written functions. those functions with pointers to user-written, not-fastcall functions.
<p> <p>
</itemize> </itemize>
There may be some more minor differences, I'm currently not aware off. The There may be some more minor differences I'm currently not aware of. The
biggest problem is the missing float data type. With this limitation in biggest problem is the missing float data type. With this limitation in
mind, you should be able to write fairly portable code. mind, you should be able to write fairly portable code.
@ -471,9 +474,8 @@ This cc65 version has some extensions to the ISO C standard.
<ref id="inline-asm" name="see there">. <ref id="inline-asm" name="see there">.
<p> <p>
<item> There is a special calling convention named "fastcall". This calling <item> There is a special calling convention named "fastcall".
convention is currently only usable for functions written in The syntax for a function declaration using fastcall is
assembler. The syntax for a function declaration using fastcall is
<tscreen><verb> <tscreen><verb>
&lt;return type&gt; fastcall &lt;function name&gt; (&lt;parameter list&gt;) &lt;return type&gt; fastcall &lt;function name&gt; (&lt;parameter list&gt;)
@ -549,29 +551,28 @@ This cc65 version has some extensions to the ISO C standard.
However, taking the address of the variable results in a <tt/void*/ However, taking the address of the variable results in a <tt/void*/
which may be passed to any function expecting a pointer. which may be passed to any function expecting a pointer.
See the <htmlurl url="geos.html" name="GEOS library"> for examples on See the <url url="geos.html" name="GEOS library document"> for examples
how to use this feature. on how to use this feature.
<p> <p>
<item> cc65 implements flexible array struct members as defined in the C99 ISO <item> cc65 implements flexible array struct members as defined in the C99 ISO
standard. As an extension, these fields may be initialized. There are standard. As an extension, these fields may be initialized. There are
several exceptions, however (which is probably the reason why the several exceptions, however (which is probably the reason why the
standard does not define this feature, because it is highly standard does not define this feature, because it is highly
unorthogonal). Flexible array members cannot be initialized... unorthogonal). Flexible array members cannot be initialized ...
<itemize> <itemize>
+ <!-- add &nbsp; to get rid of "..when undefined" message on Debian Woody --> <item>... when defining an array of structs with flexible
<item> &nbsp;...when defining an array of structs with flexible
members. members.
<item> &nbsp;...if such a struct is a member field of another struct <item>... if such a struct is a member field of another struct
which is not the last field. which is not the last field.
<item> If the struct which contains a flexible array member is <item>... if the struct which contains a flexible array member is
declared as <tt/register/ and the size and compiler settings declared as <tt/register/, and the size and compiler settings
do allow the compiler to actually place the struct into the do allow the compiler actually to place the struct into the
register bank in the zero page. register bank in the zero page.
</itemize> </itemize>
Please note that - as defined in the ISO C standard - the <tt/sizeof/ Please note that -- as defined in the ISO C standard -- the <tt/sizeof/
operator returns the struct size with the flexible array member having operator returns the struct size with the flexible array member having
size zero, even if it is initialized. size zero, even if it is initialized.
<p> <p>
@ -589,8 +590,8 @@ The compiler defines several macros at startup:
<tag><tt>__CC65__</tt></tag> <tag><tt>__CC65__</tt></tag>
This macro is always defined. Its value is the version number of the This macro is always defined. Its value is the version number of the
compiler in hex. Version 2.0.1 of the compiler will have this macro defined compiler in hex. For example, version 2.10.1 of the compiler has this macro
as 0x0201. defined as <tt/0x02A1/.
<tag><tt>__APPLE2__</tt></tag> <tag><tt>__APPLE2__</tt></tag>
@ -703,7 +704,7 @@ The compiler defines several macros at startup:
</descrip> </descrip>
<sect>#pragmas<label id="pragmas"><p> <sect>&num;pragmas<label id="pragmas"><p>
The compiler understands some pragmas that may be used to change code The compiler understands some pragmas that may be used to change code
generation and other stuff. Some of these pragmas understand a special form: generation and other stuff. Some of these pragmas understand a special form:
@ -711,7 +712,7 @@ If the first parameter is <tt/push/, the old value is saved onto a stack
before changing it. The value may later be restored by using the <tt/pop/ before changing it. The value may later be restored by using the <tt/pop/
parameter with the <tt/#pragma/. parameter with the <tt/#pragma/.
<sect1><tt>#pragma bssseg (&lt;name&gt;)</tt><p> <sect1><tt>#pragma bssseg (&lsqb;push,&rsqb;&lt;name&gt;)</tt><p>
This pragma changes the name used for the BSS segment (the BSS segment This pragma changes the name used for the BSS segment (the BSS segment
is used to store uninitialized data). The argument is a string enclosed is used to store uninitialized data). The argument is a string enclosed
@ -752,8 +753,8 @@ parameter with the <tt/#pragma/.
<itemize> <itemize>
<item>The character index is actually the code of the character in the <item>The character index is actually the code of the character in the
C source, so character mappings do always depend on the source C source, so character mappings do always depend on the source
character set. This means that <tt/#pragma charmap/ is not portable character set. This means that <tt/#pragma&nbsp;charmap/ is not
- it depends on the build environment. portable -- it depends on the build environment.
<item>While it is possible to use character literals as indices, the <item>While it is possible to use character literals as indices, the
result may be somewhat unexpected, since character literals are result may be somewhat unexpected, since character literals are
itself translated. For this reason I would suggest to avoid itself translated. For this reason I would suggest to avoid
@ -871,7 +872,7 @@ parameter with the <tt/#pragma/.
declared as register. So your programs become non-portable if you use declared as register. So your programs become non-portable if you use
this pragma. In addition, your program may not work. This is usually the this pragma. In addition, your program may not work. This is usually the
case if a subroutine is called with the address of a register variable, case if a subroutine is called with the address of a register variable,
and this subroutine (or a subroutine called from there) uses itself and this subroutine (or a subroutine called from there) uses
register variables. So be careful with this #pragma. register variables. So be careful with this #pragma.
The <tt/#pragma/ understands the push and pop parameters as explained above. The <tt/#pragma/ understands the push and pop parameters as explained above.
@ -926,7 +927,7 @@ parameter with the <tt/#pragma/.
<sect1><tt>#pragma zpsym (&lt;name&gt;)</tt><p> <sect1><tt>#pragma zpsym (&lt;name&gt;)</tt><p>
Tell the compiler that the - previously as external declared - symbol with Tell the compiler that the -- previously as external declared -- symbol with
the given name is a zero page symbol (usually from an assembler file). the given name is a zero page symbol (usually from an assembler file).
The compiler will create a matching import declaration for the assembler. The compiler will create a matching import declaration for the assembler.
@ -1022,9 +1023,9 @@ each format specifier, an argument is expected which is inserted instead of
the format specifier before passing the assembly code line to the backend. the format specifier before passing the assembly code line to the backend.
<itemize> <itemize>
<item><tt/%b/ - Numerical 8 bit value <item><tt/%b/ - Numerical 8-bit value
<item><tt/%w/ - Numerical 16 bit value <item><tt/%w/ - Numerical 16-bit value
<item><tt/%l/ - Numerical 32 bit value <item><tt/%l/ - Numerical 32-bit value
<item><tt/%v/ - Assembler name of a (global) variable or function <item><tt/%v/ - Assembler name of a (global) variable or function
<item><tt/%o/ - Stack offset of a (local) variable <item><tt/%o/ - Stack offset of a (local) variable
<item><tt/%g/ - Assembler name of a C label <item><tt/%g/ - Assembler name of a C label
@ -1082,7 +1083,8 @@ a future version. Instead use the format specifiers from the table above:
If you have problems using the compiler, if you find any bugs, or if you're If you have problems using the compiler, if you find any bugs, or if you're
doing something interesting with it, I would be glad to hear from you. Feel doing something interesting with it, I would be glad to hear from you. Feel
free to contact me by email (<htmlurl url="mailto:uz@cc65.org" name="uz@cc65.org">). free to contact me by email (<htmlurl url="mailto:uz@cc65.org"
name="uz@cc65.org">).